Street Children in Kathmandu

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1BackgroundThere be estimated to be around 120 ane million million babyren living on the pass bestrides in the world (30 million in Africa, 30 million in Asia, and 60 million in S outh America). Often victims of completely in wholly kinds of cry, these electric razorren still postulate rights. Street kidren ar minor league who brisk and survive on the highroads .The phenomenon of driveway boorren is multifaceted. It is therefore very difficult to single out whizz or to a greater extent causes. Street nestlingren ar the reality world-wide and in capital of Nepal valley alone, the numbers of course children ar estimated roughly 1200 .The vast mass of these children are illiterate boys aged between 10 and 18. They brisk sleep and die hard under the open sky and survive without family support.They are living with friends and lucifers, working as beggars and rag pickers. The reason for why children end up themeless in route is Socio-ec onomic conditions in villages, family violence, peer influence, attraction towards the city, and political instability etc. When the children pass by with stepmothers, family negates, poverty, leave out of awareness and orphanages some children left field home in search of better opportunities in the big cities and end up in highway when they find same peer group who gave up their dreams and started living on driveway. For natural selection they beg at first and when it is insufficient then they turn into criminal and began to steal. They pull themselves to Glue sniffing to cut out famish which is cheaper than other do drugss and food.In this way they started it to play as a toy which made them criminals, thieves, divided into group, made a hierarchy between them which leads gang fight and leadership. For earning some sell fatigue and victim to all types of victimization and handle including sex. At this time some maintain from diseases or illness by their drug do by and thirstiness.Those organizations who were working on passage children rescue the children, the children started normal heart nevertheless due to the drug abusing vesture and overleap of freedom they pull themselves over over again on passageway and start living as preliminary life using the brain killing substance. In this way way children end up their life by sexual disease or illness or by hunger and those who were rescued locomote life as a civilize citizen with a bitter remembrance of past. 75% of street boys in Kathmandu are victims of sexual abuse at the hands of foreigners, locals and their peers.The children living or working on the streets in wild conditions, poor health, poor opportunities, lack of supervision or adequate assistance and vulnerability and victims to all types of victimization and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and material and mental abuse by volume in positions of authority. It is estimated that 75% of street boys su ffer ongoing sexual abuse. Glue sniffing is popular in children as young as five to stave hunger and encouraged by peers. It is super addictive and has frequent devastating consequences. Other children and young mass suffer with alcohol and drug beds much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the use of injecting brown sugar. Children on the street are living in groups- miniscule gangs by-line their own rules with their own way of stand foring and own way of living. Marginalized by orderliness they crap their own system with their own power relations, hierarchy and values.As collector of rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tread conductors they foolt stimulate positive experiences or a positive image of the general public. They are considered as societal parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves. The vulgar language, dirty clothes and refusal of umpteen social constraints makes the public win them to be antisocial beings. On the other hand the children themselves f eel that they get hold of no other extract but to behave incompatiblely.Rejection from the society drives them to deny society and its rules. In spite of their young age, they are cap commensurate to some of the worst forms of exploitation and forced to experience social exclusion solar day after day. We all go to bed the fact that the street is non a safe stead to live, particularly for the children. Different kinds of risks are prevalent on the street.Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstrations are very common. There are increasing number of crimes against children such(prenominal) as sexual abuse, commercial sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise, exposure to drug use, drinking and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Mevery of the street children were rescued by motley organizations but due to drug abusing habit and lack of freedom they pull themselves on street and agai n continue their life as street children.1.2 Problem landed estatementDue to the situation and the fate of children they end up their home and started living in street for enjoyment and advance of life but they fell on m both problem. The following are the problems facing by street childrens in Kathmandu1.2.1 Glue SniffingMore than 80% street children are addicted to glue sniffing, which is the current trend among street children. It is cheap among other drug and soft available. It feel Confessed that they felt relax and playful, sleepy, without pain and hunger. 1.2.2Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is hidden but a astray prevalent suffering among them. No child is safe and away from this cauldron of suffering. Approximately 99 per cent of them are physically and psychologically ab apply. Child sexual abuse whitethorn include smooching a childs genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. The other ways a child substructure be a bused with are direct physical contact, such as sex by exposures, voyeurism and child pornography, use of execrable language, also referred to as non-contact abuse.1.2.3 ExploitationChildren living or working on the streets in hazardous conditions, poor health, poor opportunities , lack of supervision or adequate care and vulnerability and victims to all types of exploitation and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and physical and mental abuse by people in positions of authority.1.2.4 Struggling with AIDSIt is well documented that street-based children share an environment and practices that make them vulnerable to HIV infection. Furthermore, devil independent tests conducted by an NGO in Kathmandu identified the existence of HIV infection among this sub-population. In these tests, 25 out of 80 (31 percent) street children were HIV positive, and 16 out of 32 (50 percent) high-risk street children were HIV positive.1.2.5 Nepalese mentality to street childrenAs th e street children are rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they put one overt have positive experiences or a positive image of the general public. They are what people call Khate, a word, which once described rag pickers only but which is now used for business all those who work, live and sleep on the street. They are considered as social parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves.1.2.6 TraffickingMost of the street children are victim of trafficking .Many girls are trafficking into India and other countries for sex workers where as boys are trafficking for labor work.1.2.7 BeggingMost of the children beg for earning notes. The coin collected by begging used for food and for drug. Begging is the free-and-easy occupation of about one hundred children in Nepal. It is physically easier for these children because they are not steeped in garbage and fumes. Yet beggars suffer more from social isolation. Begging destroys any feelings of self esteem, which makes the children dangerously undervalue themselves.1.2.8 Lack of Basic needs (Food, aegis and Clothing)Due to the lack of money and drug using habit street children suffer a lot for food, auspices and clothing.1.3 physical objectThe specific objectives of the study are mentioned below 1. To pick out the problem facing by street children of Kathmandu. 2. To know how children came to live and work on street. 3. To know about the current provision and act regarding child right. 4. To know about the Glue Sniffing by Street Children in the Kathmandu.Chapter2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Problem Face by street children 2.1.1 psychological and Physical AbusePerhaps the greatest risk faced by children living on street over which they have little or no control is their vulnerability to abuse. In particular street children face daily physical and psychosocial abuse which is so normalize d that the children themselves no longer question this situation. Psychosocial abuse encompasses all abuse wh ich affects the child mentality or emotionally .The roughly important determining factor for the hereafter ofchildren on the street is the environment on which they spend the majority of their time. While they may visit organizations and have contact with social workers, family or other relatives, the reality is the most of their time is spent with peer and with adults in the street environment.For children and adolescent, groups and gangs frequently play the most significant role in their socialization process of identity element formation. At this time children are exposed to many another(prenominal) risk behaviors which become normalized for them, while society may discover at many issues related to drugs and criminality in term of legal framework this often has little relevance for street children. On the margins of society, many childrens experience of state and society is with encounter with the natural law. Arrested for no reason, without recognition of their inherent rights and abused by state body children are effrontery little motivation to participate in society.2.1.2 Sexual AbusesChild sexual abuse may include fondling a childs genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and intercourse. These area ways in which a child can be abused with direct physical contact. Children can also be abused without physical contact, such as by exposure, voyeurism (getting sexual pleasure from watching naked children) and child pornography, use of obscene language also refer to as non-contact abuse. Children living in street are raise to be at higher risk of being sexually exploited. Both boys and girls are vulnerable to sexual abuse. The conflict situation of the country has made the children, more vulnerable to trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation many plate of physical and mental abuse, exploitation and torture faced by the children are not reported out of hesitation and are often oppressed due to pressure and p ower.However there has been a rise in publishing of case on child abuse and exploitation. It reflects to the increasing concern of public towards child right. Studies on whom commits child sexual abuse differ in their findings but the most common finding is that majority of sexual offenders are family members or are otherwise known to the child. Research shows that men commit most instances of sexual abuse, but there are cases in which women are the offenders. Long term studies shows that children who are victims of child sexual abuse are most likely to be the perpetrators of rape, sexual abuse orto be involved in physically abusive relationship. This trend is strong especially among street children.ExampleAnils story, age 14 (name changed)-Anils family was not poor but when he was 11 years old his parents began to haggle often and one day his mother committed suicide. Within in a year his founding father fell down a well and also died and so Anil became orphan. Anils familiar wo rked as a bus conductor and many of his friends lived on or near the street and so he too started to live on the street. Anil began to develop difficult behavior, including substance abuse, and was arrested by the police many times. In the street he would be beaten by the public, street adults and others.Anil develop a very negative self-image and although he wanted to return home after some time he looked himself as Khate and was scared to go home to his sister. Anil realized street life is not honorable for his future but he also realizes that he cannot stay for a long time at home because he has become accustomed to the freedom of street life. He is now staying in CPCS and nerve-racking to slowly improve his behavior so that one day he will be able to stay at home.2.2 State provision and act for the rights of children According the Interim Constitution of Nepal (2063)CHILDRENS RIGHTS kick downstairs 3 Fundamental RightsRights of children(1) every child shall have the right to his or her own identity and name. (2) Every child shall have the right to be nurtured, to basic health and social security. (3) Every child shall have the right not to be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of exploitation. Any such act of exploitation shall be punishable by law and any child so interact shall be compensated as determined by law. (4) Helpless, orphaned or mentally retarded children, children who are victims of conflict or displaced and street children at risk shall have the right to receive special privileges from the State to ensure their secure future. (5) No minor shall be employed in factories, mines or in any other hazardous work nor shall be used in army, police or in conflicts. 2.3Why children live and work on streetThe arrival of a child on the streets may represent an active decision on the part of the child, often in response to situations of serious rights violations at home. In context of Nepal campestral area cover more than of urban are a, so mostly the children came to the city with a dream for the betterment of life due to family conflict, peer influenced etc but due to lack of proper employment and guidance the children are compelled to make the street as shelter.Many of the underprivileged and abandoned street children come from several remote separate of the country and they ran away from their home due to domestic violence and poverty. However there remain so many causes that bring children on the street. Some common cause are family breakdown, poverty, urbanization and overcrowding, dislocation through migration and civil war, child labor, lost of family members, exploitation by adults, emotional abuse or neglect. For earning street children are engaged in begging on the street, trash picking, pick pocketing, rag picking, working in bars, restaurants and tempo buses still some children are engaged in prostitution.How children end up homeless on the streets of Kathmandu41% of children leave home due to famil y violence 27% due to peer influence 19% due to economic factors 15% due to disintegration of the family2.4 Glue Sniffing by Street ChildrenThose who might think these street kids are ignorant are wrong. They are actually inventors innovators of a cheap substitute for intoxication, which is easily available in the market, sold in both drug stores and hardware stores. It is none other than a sticky adhesive gluten substance commonly known as dendrite solution. Most street children are now fetching glue every day and quite frequently. The glue is a shoe glue, used by all shoe repairmen, and many garment or other product makers.In Nepal, it is normally found in hardware shops, but can also be found in stationeries, or even bought from local street vendors, junkyards, etc meaning that it is readily available at every corner, and at nearly any time of the day and night. Though there exists many ways to inhale the glue solvent, Nepalistreet children use it mostly by dropping a certain q uantity of glue inside a small plastic bag (milk bag), and by taking long deep breaths from the bag, a technique usually referred to as bagging.Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Secondary dataIn this method different second-string source were used. They were Newspaper Magazines Journal Report Books Internet SourceChapter 4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION4.1Analysis and interpretationStreet children represent a phenomenon which court to peoples feelings and awake their sympathy. The hardship of street life should not be underestimated neither should it be of paramount interest in all coverage of street children. It is important not to neglect the abilities and resources street children possess.As a social work student it is becomes a prime responsibility to analyze and interpret the issue from several dimensions. Analyzing this paper Kathmandus street children is being exploited and abused in assorted ways. As we know the fact that the street is not safe place to live, many street chi ldren are compelled to survive in such palaces without proper food, cloth and shelter. Viewing the street childrens condition the following can be consider as the main problems Living or working on the street in hazardous conditionVictim to all type of exploitation and abuse include ongoing sexual abuse Glue sniffing Low life expectancy poor health Involve in criminal activities etcObjective 1 AnalysisAlthough there are various organizations working to reduce the exploitation and abuse of street children but the rate of children and abuse decidem to be uncontrolled. There are many children who have been reintegrating by various NGOS and INGOS but the numbers of street children are similar due to the newly added children and the some older who again end up in street after the rescue due to the lack of freedom they want in their foster home. While reviewing the problem of street children it was found that the problems emerge from the family and form the society as well. Children who are orphans and poor came to live on street and they are compelled to face mental and physical problems.Objective 2 AnalysisIlliteracy and poverty are factor, especially in rural areas, which result in lack of awareness. Families gave birth to the many children and unable to fulfill their basic needs such as food, clothing, home and education. These issues often force the children to suffer from exploitation. For these reasons they are bound to roam in the street to survive. But the society has given them a prick name and discrimination against them. For living, most of the children collect rags such as garbage, plastics, bottles, metals and paper found in garbage of residential area, around market and along river banks and in dumping sides.They sell their rags to local junkyard to make their day to day living. Some beg to survive while other has no set work taking occasional jobs as porter or dish washer or dawn into criminal activities such as shoplifting and pick-pocketing. We a nalyze street children are the integral part of the urban problem, which is directly connect with the growing issues of migration and poverty. As we have observed last 10 years, the problem of street children has increased with great(p) of urbanization. Therefore, if this problem is to properly overcome, no urban development or child development program should get out to cover these children. As we analyze the livelihood of street children they are compelled to live in hazardous place with physical and mental exploitation.Objective 3 AnalysisThere is various state provision and laws to ensure street children but the problems and street children are same due to the lack of implementation of such provision by organization. Due to the lack of negligence toward street children by government our societies also exploits the children mentally and physically. The following are the problems faced by children due to the worthless policy of street childrenDiscrimination Exploitation Abuse Child laborThe problem of child abuse in Nepal is made worse by a gap in Nepalese canon which does not recognize sexual abuse of boys. The problem, legally, simply does not exist. The children have slipped through a fractured safety device net in Nepalese society thats a living tragedy and a prominent future problem that many choose to ignore.Objective 4 AnalysisAlmost all street children were addicted to glue sniffing because of hunger and the influence of friends. About 95 percent of street children were using glue, and it would not take much to stage the habit to the remaining 5 percent, it said. Glue sniffing is the most dangerous addiction suffering by street children. Mostly the children were addicted, because the sniffing of glue made them confident to commit criminal activities and to avoid hunger. Most of the children beg money to purchase the glue.Chapter 5 SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION5.1 Area of social work interventionWhenever there emerges a social problem in a society, the professional social workers and social work students should take their initiatives to encounter that crisis. In case of ensuring street children with their right social worker should take the various intervention techniques to uplift the status of street children.1. Support a protective environment in the street and children workplace 2. Establishing a referral system with localorganizations which provide different services like legal aid, health care, drugs rehabilitation, and awareness campaign. 3. Pressurizing government for the effective monitoring regarding the wrong practice still prevailed in Nepalese society. 4. Helping government to stool sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment. 5. Improving co-ordination amongst donors and support for street children organizing at the national and global level. 6. Children experience barriers in almost every aspect of work. Employment opportunities Need to be improved. At the same time children perform t he bulk of unpaid care work. This is an area for greater attention. 7. Advocating on behalf of childrens for ensuring and safeguarding their right. 8. Advocacy efforts should be strengthened by coordination and collaboration between civil society organizations. 9. prove children as the main actors in realizing the rights of street involved children through their active participation and building their resiliency and capacity to protect themselves Chapter 6 Conclusion6.1 ConclusionLook into a childs look and you are sure to see a sweet innocence that makes us all smile and want to cherish. Its a oecumenic feeling we all share no matter our race, creed or religion. But it is difficult when you look into a childs eyes and see pain, loss, suffering, hate and something dark. Something so woeful in their eyes that make us looks away out of fear along with guilt for not questioning why they are like that. The majority of street children share background of family poverty, lack of educa tion opportunities, and broken families. Without family cacoethes and guidance, street children face a very hard life in streets. They are vulnerable to all kind of abuse, exploitation and exposure to criminal activities that are the hazards of the urban street life.There are many activities naturalised to promote childs right and prevent child exploitation but they have not been fully successful in increasing awareness and improving the situation of children. The life of all street childrens is passing from same problems though various NGOS and INGOS are still working for it. The street is not safe for the children to live. Different kinds of risk are prevalent onthe street. Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstration are very common. There are increasing number of crime such as sexual abuse, labor exploitation and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise exposure for drug use, alcoholism, and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Many of street children were rescued by various organizations but due to drug abusing and lack of freedom they want they again pull themselves on street and again continue their life as street children.Chapter 7 RecommendationsNational child protection and child welfare systems that are sensitive to the rights of street children to care and protection are needed, and should be adequately funded to operate effectively. All actors within these systems (police, judiciary, health staff and social workers) need to be trained on the rights of street involved children and how to treat them in non-violent ways. Civil society organizations need to support community responses to child protection and childrens participation, and facilitate their linkage with national child protection systems. Government and civil society organizations should collaborate on the establishment of standards and good practices for government and non-government agencies that work with street involved children. Prog rammers need to be based on a clear understanding, gained from participatory research, of the experiences of different subgroups of street-involved children, the environments in which they live and the people with whom they interact.